The study was conducted in five European countries and Japan with the participation of almost a thousand healthy adults aged 30 to 60 years. All participants were divided into three groups: those who continue to smoke cigarettes; those who have completely switched to tobacco heating systems more than two years ago; and those who quit smoking at least two years ago. Nine biomarkers were measured that reflect the key risks associated with smoking, including carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb), which measures how efficiently the blood can carry oxygen (increased by inhalation of carbon monoxide released by burning tobacco in cigarettes); leukocytes, reflecting the level of chronic inflammation in the bod... [Read more]